| Uvs Lake | |
|---|---|
| Lake type | saline |
| Primary inflows | Tesiin gol and others |
| Primary outflows | none |
| Basin countries | Mongolia, Russia |
| Max. length | 84 km (52 mi) |
| Max. width | 79 km (49 mi) |
| Surface area | 3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 759 m (2,490 ft) |
| Settlements | Ulaangom |
Uvs Lake (Mongolian: Увс нуур; Tuvan: Успа-Холь) is a highly saline lake in an endorheic basin - Uvs Nuur Basin in Mongolia with a small part in Russia. It is the largest lake in Mongolia by surface area, covering 3,350 km² at 759 m above sea level.[1] The northeastern tip of the lake is situated in the Tuva Republic of the Russian Federation. The largest settlement near the lake is Ulaangom. This shallow and very saline body of water is a remainder of a huge saline sea which covered a much larger area several thousand years ago.
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Uvs Lake has a length of 84 km and a width of 79 km, with an average depth of 6 m. Its basin is separated from the rest of the Great Lakes Depression by the Khan Khökhii ridge. However, it is not a rift lake as some mistakenly think.
The main feeding rivers are the Baruunturuun, Nariin gol, and Tes from Khangai Mountains in the east, and the Kharkhiraa River and Sangil gol from the Altai Mountains in the west.[2]
The very large catchment area with no exit results in highly saline water (18.8 ppt, one half as salty as the oceans), primarily due to sulphate and sodium ions.
The lake freezes over from October to May. In summer, it exhibits a temperature gradient from 25°C at the surface to 19°C at the bottom.[2]
29 different species of fish have been counted in Uvs Lake,[3] one of them (Potanini altai osman Oreoleuciscus potanini)[4] is suitable for human consumption.
All of the lake and many parts of its surroundings have been declared protected sites. The UNESCO is using the designation "Uvs Lake site" as an umbrella term to summarize twelve separate clusters of protected sites, each a representative of a major eastern Eurasian biome.[5]
The Uvs Lake is the terminal basin for the Uvs Lake Basin, which covers an area of 70,000 km² and represents one of the best-preserved natural steppe landscapes of Eurasia. The border between Mongolia and Russia runs through the northern periphery of the basin. Here the world's most northern desert meets the world's most southern tundra zone.[6] Apart from the Uvs Lake, the basin comprises several smaller lakes. As these lakes lie to the north of other inland seas of Central Asia, they are of key importance for waterfowl migration.
Since the basin spans the geoclimatic boundary between Siberia and Central Asia, temperatures may vary from −58°C in winter to 47°C in summer. Despite its harsh climate, the depression is home to 173 bird species and 41 mammal species, including the globally endangered snow leopard, argali, and Asiatic ibex. The population density is low here. The lack of industry and the reliance of the inhabitants on traditional ways such as nomadic pasturing have little impact on the landscape and allow the ecosystem to remain relatively pristine.[7]
In 2003, the UNESCO listed the Uvs Lake Basin as a natural World Heritage Site.[8] It was nominated as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia where 40,000 archeological sites can be found from historically famous nomadic tribes such as the Scythians, the Turks and the Huns."[9] This transboundary patrimony is one of the largest sites inscribed in the World Heritage List to date.